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vb,Fm’ GriyFm’rbs;RbeTskm<úCanasm½ybc©úb,nñenH manb¤sKl;taMgBIstvtSTI1rhUtdl;stvtS TI6mkemøH EdleBlenaHRtUv)aneKehAfasm½yhVÚNn Casm½ymYyEdlmanPaBcMNas;CageKkñúgGasIu GaeKñy×eyIgenH. cab;BIeBlenaHehIy KWCaeBlénkarvivtþn_PasaExµr EdlCaEpñkmYyénGMbUrmnExµr ehIy manlayCamYynwgPasa)alIsMRsáwt. Ca]TahrN_ BYkRbvtþiviTU)ankt;sMKal;faRbCaCnkm<úCaman lkçN³xusEbøkBIRbeTsCitxagedaysarsMelokbMBak; dUcCakareRbIR)as;Rkma ykmkCYtk,alCMnYs eGaykarBak;mYkCaedIm.

sm½yhVÚNn)anRtYsRtaypøÚvExµreGay)anQaneq<aHeTArkGaNacRkGgÁr CamYynwgkarkan;kab;GMNac edayRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2kñúgqñaM802. 600qñaMbnÞab;)anbgðajeGayeXIjBIT§iBld¾xøaMgkøaénGaNacRkExµr EdleBlenaHmanépÞdIlatsn§wgya:gFMeFgkñúgPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy× edaymanRBMEdnCab;nwgRbeTsPUma PaKxagekItCab;nwgsmuRtcinxagt,Úg rIÉPaKxageCIgCab;nwgRbeTslav. RBHmhakSRtnaGMT,úgeBl enaH)ansagsg;R)asaTburaNCaeRcIn dUcCaR)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlCaGcäriy³vtßúTI7enAelIBiPBelak. RBHmhakSRtEdl)ansMerc)annUveCaKC½yd¾FMeFgGs©arüenH rYmmanRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2 RBH)aT®nÞvrµ½nTI1 RBH)aTsUryüvrµ½nTI2 nigRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 rYmTaMgkarbegáItnUvsñaédÉkvisVkmµEbbburaN dUcCa RbB½n§Farasa®sþd¾manGtßRbeyaCn_bMput EdlkñúgenaHman)aray×¬bwgd¾FMmYyEdlbegáIteT,IgedaymnusS¦ nigERBkCIkEdlGacpþl;dl;RbCaCnnUvlT§PaBeFVIERs)an3dgkñúgmYyqñaM ehIyCagenHeTotesat EpñkxøH énRbB½n§enHRtUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶eTotpg.

sßanPaBsgÁmmunsm½yGgÁr³

enAedImRKisþskraCmanrdæmYyEdlsMxan;CageK)anekIteLIgenAGasuIGaeKñy_ maneQµaHfaGaNacRkPñM. tam ÉksarGñkkarTUtkaMgéf bzmkSRténGaNacRkPñMeQµaHh‘uneTon enA]bTVIbNÐÚcinkñúgkMLúg5stvtS GaNacRk PñMCamhaGMNacmYyEdlmanrdæcMNuHmYycMnYn. eqøót»kasénkarFøak;cuHexSayénGaNacRkPñM RBHraCanKr ecnLanamPvvrµ½n )anelIkT½Bmkvaynigdak;GaNacRkPñMCacMnuH. eRkaymkecnLak¾)anTTYlzan³Cardæ GFietyürhUtdl;Bak;kNþalTI2énstvtSTI8. enAstvtSTI8 ecnLasßitkñúgsm½ykalexµAggwt KµanesßrPaB neya)ayedaykarEbk)ak;épÞkñúg. enHCamUlehtuEdlnaMeGayCVah‘anlUkédmkkkUrkic©karépÞkñugrbs; RbeTsCati.

sßanPaBsgÁmsm½yGgÁr ³

BIqñaM 802 dl;qñaM 944CadMNak;kalénkarksagCatieLIgvij. EtrhUtdl;Bak;kNþalTI1énstvtSTI9 karbegáItRkugGgÁrKWCakarbegáItrbbRKb;RKgfµImYyedayRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2. RTg;)anerobcMsnþivgSGgÁrmun eKbg¥s;RBmTaMg)anRKgraCüyUrCagkSRtmun²eTotpg¬802-850¦. kñúgdMnak;kalenaHmanRBwtþikarN_Ca eRcIndUcCakarrMedaHCatiecjBIkarRtYtRtarbs;CVa karbRgYbbRgYmCati karksagraCFanI esaFbur³karxitxM BRgIkneya)ayedIm,IBRgIkvis½yksikmµ nigesdækic©enAsm½yenaH.

BIqñaM 944 dl; 1177 CadMNak;rugerOgnigrIkcMerInrbs;cRkPBGgÁr.
BIqñaM 1177 dl; 1218 CadMnak;kalrugerOgbMputrbs;RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaEdlBuMFøab;manmkkñúg RbvtþisaRsþCati ehIyEdlepþImeLIgedayRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7. RBHGgÁCavIrbursrMedaHCatieGayput ecjBIcamQøanBan ehIy)andwknaMRbeTsCatieq<aHeTAkan;yuKmYyénRbvtþisaRsþCatiEdleKehA fa yuKmas.

sßanPaBsgÁmeRkaysm½yGgÁr ³

qñaM 1431 RBH)aTBjay:at)ansMercRBHT½yelIkraCFanIecjBIGgÁrmktaMgenATYl)asan bnÞab;mkk¾ elIkBITYl)asaneTAtaMgenAPñMdUneBj¬ctumux¦vij. luHsMerckarksagehIy RBHraCaRTg;taMgRbTannamnKr fa RkugctumuxmgÁlmhanKrqñaM1437 RBHGgÁ)ansem<aFraCFanI.
eRkayBIRBH)aTBjay:atsuKteTA sgÁmExµrRtUvEbkExJkCabkSBYkeQøaHRbEkkKña\tQb;Qr raRsþrgTukç evTnarhUtdl;RbeTsRtUv)anEbkEckCabIGaNacRk³

GaNacRkxageCIg manraCFanIenAkMBg;esomRKb;RKgedayRBH)aTRsIraCa .
GaNacRkxagekIt manraCFanIenARsIsQrRKb;RKgedayRBH)anRsIsurieyaT½y .
GaNacRkxagt,Úg manraCaFanIenActumuxRKb;RKgedayRBH)aTFmµraCa .

karEbk)ak; nigcM)aMgraMgCltQb;QrrvagbkSBYkExµrTaMgbIenH)anpþl;plvi)akdl;sgÁmExµr dUcCa ecarkmµ karkab;sMlab; eRKaHTurÖikS. Exµrrs;enAkñúgPaBexøacpSaEbbenHGs;ry³eBl10qñaMKWBI 1475 dl; 1485 eTIbRBH)aTFmµraCaxitxMbBa©b;sRgÁamKñaÉgenHedayBwgesomeGaymkCYy. enAkñúgqñaM1529 RBHmhakSRtExµryageTAKg;enAkñúgbnÞaylEgVk. RBH)aTGgÁcnÞraCa)ansþarRbeTsCatieLIgvijelIRKb; vis½y. kñúgvis½yeyaFakgT½BExµr)ancUlvaylukenARbeTsesomrhUtdl;RkugGyuFüa. k¾b:uEnþenAcug stvtSTI16 rwT§anuPaBGaNacRkkm<úCaRtUvfycuH CaehtunaMeGayesomelIkT½BcUlmkvayRkuglEgVk)an kñúgqñaM 1593. karEbkbnÞaylEgVkCa»kasmYyEdlnaMeGayesomBRgIkT§iBlkan;EtxøaMeLIg²mkelI RbeTskm<úCa. mü:ageToteFVIeGayExµr)at;bg;RTBüsm,tþik,Ünc,ab;;GñkR)aCJbNÐit ehIyvb,Fm_Exµrk¾RtUv hUrcUlkñúgRbeTsesomGs;. PaBbraC½ykñúgsm½ylEgVk)aneFVIeGaykm<úCaFøak;cMnuHesom.
enAqñaM1613 RBH)aTRsIsurieyaBN’)andak;raCüeGaybuRtanam C½yeCdæaTI2¬1618 - 1628¦ RBHGgÁ)an elIkraCFanImktaMgenA]tþúgÁ. enAenøaHqñaM¬1620-1863¦ manRBwtþikarN_CaeRcInekIteLIg dUcCa TMnak;TMng Exµr-éf nig Exµr-yYn RBmTaMgRBwtþikarN_cMbgBIreTotKWsm<½n§PaBrvagExµrnwgyYn nigkar deNþImGMnacKña rvagyYn nigesomelIRbeTskm<úCa.

km<úCaeRkamGaNaBüa)al)araMg ³

sn§isBaØaéf¶TI 11 sIha 1863 sþIBIGaNaBüa)al)araMgelIRbeTskm<úCaRtUv)anesomEdlCaKUrRbECg nwg)araMgRbqaMgy:agxøaMg. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH)araMg)anyl;RBmRbKl;extþ)at;dMbg nigesomrabeTA eGayesom. rhUtdl; 1867 eTIbesomTTYlsÁal;siT§iRtYtRtarbs;)araMgelIkm<úCa. kñúgkarRtYtRta dMbUg )araMgeFVIviFIRtCak;. bnÞab;mkenAéf¶TI 17 mifuna 1884 )araMg)aneLamB½T§raCvaMg ehIyKMramKMEhg RBH)aT neratþmbgçMeGayRBHGgÁcuHRBHhsþelxaelIGnusBaØamYy Edl)andkhUtGMNacTaMgLayrbs; RBHGgÁ. dMNak;kalcugeRkay )araMg)aneFVIeGaykm<úCakøayCaEdndIsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;plksikmµeGay)araMg edaybBa©Úl km<úCaeTAkñúgshB½n§NÐÚcin)araMg. edaysarkarekgRbv½Ba© nigkarKabsgát;BIBYk)araMgxøaMgeBk RbCaraRsþ Exµr)anegIbbHe)arRbqaMgnwg)araMgCabnþbnÞab; dUcCaclna ts‘Urbs;RkLaehamKg; ¬1885- 1886¦ clnats‘Urbs;BisÑúelakQUk¬1885-1886¦. eTaHbIcalnats‘UTaMgenHRtUv)anbRgáaby:ag eXareXABIsMNak; kgT½B)araMgk¾eday Et)anrIkpuspulminQb;QrrhUtdl;rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßimunIvgS ¬1927 -1941¦ nigbnþmkdl;rC¢kalRBH)aTneratþmsIhnuvrµ½nkñúgraCüTI1 ¬1941 - 1955¦.

km<úCaenAcugsm½yGaNaniKmniym)araMg ³

RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuvrµ½n )anesayraCükñúgGMlugeBlénsRgÁamelakelIkTI2. eBlenaHedayCb:unman eCaKC½yenAcugbUBa’ nigGasIuGaeKñy_ km<úCak¾)anFøak;eRkamkarRtYtRtaBIrCan;KW )araMg nigCb:un. eRkay mkmanclnats‘U)anekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;. RkumEdllMeGogeTAxagCb:un mansWgg:ukfaj;CaemdwknaM. enAedImqñaM 1952 sWgg:ukfaj;)anbegáItclnaExµresrI. RkummYyeTotlMeGogeTAkan;kuMmuynIs )ankøay CarNsirS GñkesñhamatiPUmiExµr ehAkat;faExµrsSr³manTUsamutCaRbFan.

enAqñaM 1945 Cb:un)aneFVIrdæRbharbeNþj)araMgecjBIkm<úCa. eBlenaHCb:un )anelIksWgg:ukfaj;eFVI karRbyuT§RbqaMgkgT½B)araMg edayshkarCamYyclnats‘UénCnCatilav nigevotNam. RBH)aTneratþm sIhnu EtgriHrkRKb;lT§PaBedIm,IrMedaHRbeTsCatiBIGaNaniKm)araMgCanic¢. cMENk)araMg)anbEnßmT½B mkkm<úCay:ageRcInedIm,ITb;Tl;karbHe)ar. GsnþisuxekItmanTUTaMgépÞRbeTs eFVIeGayRbCaraRsþrgTuk evTnaedaysarsRgÁam . edayyl;fakarTamTarÉkraCüedayGavuFbNþaleGayRbCaraRsþrgTukçxøaMgeBk RBHmhakSRtcab;epþImeFVIkarts‘UtampøÚvTUt edIm,ITamTarÉkraCüénRbeTskm<úCa. BIqñaM1951-1953 edaysarmankarKabsgát;BImtisklelak nigedaysarsßanPaBrbs;xøÜncuHexSayTaMgEpñkneya)ay nig eyaFaenANÐÚcin. TIbMput)araMgk¾)anyl;RBmRbKl;ÉkraCüeBjeljdl;RbeTskm<úCaenAéf¶TI 9 Exvicäika qñaM 1953.

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sgÁmraRsþniym³
eRkayBI)araMg)anRbKl;ÉkraCüeBjbribUrN‘mk enAExmina qñaM1955 RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu)an cakecjBIraCüblø½gá ehIyyagRBH)aTneratþmsuraRmit CaRBHbitaeLIgesayraCü. RbeTskm<úCa)an sÁal;BnøWGs;ry³eBl17qñaMKWBIqñaM1953dl;qñaM1970 kñúgraCsgÁmraRsþniym Edlmansemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu CaRBHRbmuxrdæ. eRkayBIRbeTskm<úCamanvibtþesdækic© nigneya)ayd¾F¶n;Fr eyagtamsmaCCatinaExsIha qñaM1969 RBH)aTsemþcneratþm sIhnu )anRbKl;Parkic©eGay elak ]tþmesnIy ln; Nul nigRTg;sirimt³ CaGñkerobcMbegáItrdæaPi)aleRsacRsg;Cati. luHdl; éf¶18 mina qñaM1970 RkumRbwkSaRBHraCaNacRk nigrdæsPa)anRbkasTMlak;neratþmsIhnuecjBIzan³RBH Rbmuxrdæ.

rbbsaFarNrdæExµr³
éf¶TI 9 ]sPa 1970 RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa RtUvdUreQµaHCasaFarNrdæExµrenAeRkayrdæRbhar eyaFaeRkamkardWknMarbs;ln;Nul nigRTg;sirimtH. semþcRBH neratþmsIhnu)anEføgRbkasmin TTYlsÁal;rbbPMñeBjehIyRbkasbegáItrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa nigbegáItkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFrMedaH Catikm<úCa. cab;tMagBIéf¶TI 30 Exemsa 1970 kgT½BrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa)aneFVIkar vayRbharyagxøaMgxøaelIkgT½Bln; Nul nigbreTs. RbeTskm<úCargPaBexÞcxÞaMedaysarEt sRgÁamkñúgRsukrhUtmkdl;éf¶TI 17 Ex emsa 1975 eTIbkgT½BrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa )anpþÜl rMlMrbbsaFarNrdæ Exµrrbs;ln;Nul.

rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü³
BIéf¶TI 25 Exemsa qñaM 1975 RkumExµrRkhm)aneFVImhasnñi)atvisamBaØedIm,IerobcMrdæFmµnuBaØ fµIehIy)andak;eQµaHRbeTsfa km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. rdæaPi)alrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtUv)an begáIteLIgedayman bu:lBt CaGñkdwknaMrbbenaH. RbCaraRsþExµrsøÚtRtg;RtUvTTYlkarkab;sMlab; y:agrgÁal.

rbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa³
eRkayBIpþÜlrMlMrbb b:ulBt enAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 rNsirSseRgÁaHCatikm<úCa EdlekIteLIg enAéf¶TI 2 Ex FñÚ 1978 )anRbkasRbeTskm<úCaCasaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa. bnÞab;mkdUrCa rdækm<úCa EdlmanbkSRbCaCanbdivtþn_km<úCaCaGñkdwknaM.

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa

enAéf¶TI 23 tula 1991 sn§isBaØaRkug)arIs sþIBIkarrYbrYmCati)anpþl;lT§PaBdl;karyagnivtþ matuPUmivijrbs;RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþmsIhnu. RBHGgÁeLIgRKgraCüsaCafµIenAéf¶ TI 24 kBaØa 1993 RBmTaMgbþÚreQµaHRbeTsCaRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaviij. raCrdæaPi)alkñúgGNtþienaH dwknaMedayshnayk rdæmRnþIBIrrUbKW semþcRkumRBH neratþm rNb¤T§i CanaykmRnþITI1 nigsemþc h‘un Esn CanaykmRnþITI2 .

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